Cartridge lifter biased by spring with toggle action



Dec. 3l, 1957 c. T. coLLlANDER CARTRIDGE LIFTER BIASED BY SPRING WITH TOGGLE ACTION 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed July 50, 1954 @v .t .IVW

Jill,

. IQVIJ Dec. 31, 1957 c. T. coLLlANDx-:R'

CRTIDGE LIFTER BIASED BY SPRING WITH TOGGL ACT'IN Filed July 30, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 2- w Ew IMHA bis. A'ffol-neys Dec. 31, 1957 c. T. coLLlANDER 2,817,917

CARTRIDGE LIFTER BIASED BY SPRING WITH TOGGLE ACTION Filed July 30, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Dec. 3l, 1957 c.-'r. coLLlANDER 2,817,917

T CARTRIDGE LIFTER- BIAsEn BY SPRING WITH ToGGLE ACTION Filed July so, 1954 5 vsheets-sham 4 Fig, 11

. f 35 INVENTOR. HQ COJZ 7." 022222726( F15, 15 e Dec. 3l, 1957 CARTRIDGE LIFTER BIASED BY SPRING WITH TOGGLE ACTION Filed July 30, 1954 T. coLLlANDER 2,817,917

5 Sheets-Sheet 5 NOTE .O6 *CARTE/DGE LIFTER ESCAPES BOLT-FWD. STROKE 56 -BOLT CONTACTS CAI? T12/DGE L/FTER-F'WD. STROKE 66 -OLT CONTACTS CAKTE/DGEL/FTEE-POWEE TEOKE BOLT CONTACTS RECEIVER- L44 /Nve/vro/z Carl I.' Oolhhnder 11.115 ATTORNEYS.

United rates tem CARTRIDGE LIFTERBIASED BY =SPRING`WITH 1 TOGGLl'fACTIN.` f

Carl Col1iander, West` Cheshire, Conn., assigner of.

one-half 'to The High -StandardManufacturing Corporation, Hamden, Conn., a corporation of Connecticut,

andsone-hall` to Sears, :Roebuck andfC., Chicago,- Ill;,' a corporation'of Illinois Application Julyt),1954,.,SerialNo. ,446,905

1 Claim. (Cl.V '4Z-17.)' l

The` present invention relates in general to firearms, and f more particularly to an improved'semi-automatic rifle of the tubular magazine type.

tor or floating chamber, carried `in a vlcounterboreat the breech end of the barrel, bywhich'avariationinthe effective contact area is made whereby thegas pres-- sure developed by an exploding `cartridge maybe applied to a'larger surface lwhen firing a low-power cartridge,- such as a,.22 caliber short,-`than whenffiring a-higher power cartridge, such ;as a .22 caliber glongeriile.v With suchan`actuator the total energy imparted vto the boltv can be made to,beoroughly the same-no-matter which type of lammunition is used, so that the riflefwill operate with cartridges of varying power.

Riesmtilizing an actuator are subjectto two serious drawbacks, however.l First, when-the gun-is fired/over agperiod'of time, products'of combustion build-Iup-in the counterbore,- causing the actuator to stick; in whichvl condition-itwill no longer operatesemi-automaticallywith 1 low-power ammunition. Even when the counterborefvis notsutliciently fouled to cause the'actuator toI stick,- depositsgmay vbe suicient to 1- prevent the-actuator from becoming fully seated in the counterbore This allowsthe action lto remain open slightly and, when .22long'or long rifle cartridges arevused, explosion of the cartridge Fresults in expansionof lthe red-'case at the break between the end of the actuator and the barrel, pre-n venting rthe extractorrfrom pullingthe redcasewfromthe chamber. Since it isfdificultto cleanthe counter-Y bore-and-factuator, the average gun owner-must -take thev gun-to a shop haying'specialized equipment tov return it to operative condition.

A'" second 'ratherserious drawback in anactuatorequipped -rie-results Ifromthe'i'act that the -vtotal` energy imparted to the Vbolt is roughly thesame,` so ythatl the speed-of Y-the boltr is aboutthe same,- no matter fwhat poweramgmunitionis used; When .22n shorts are-red; this results,in most instances, in premature separation of the spent case from the chamber, with consequent flash, ing of 'burning powder through the ejection port, and- -ash-backrof-hot gases towardthe-shooters face and, hand.

The `chief-difficulty inl designing a rifle, without'an actuator, i. e. onehavinga constanteffective contact area upon which the expanding` gasesact,v but whichV is stillfcapabl,e of` indiscriminately firing` semi;autorn`aticallyl both hignandlow power ammunition, Aresides in the fact thatiiffthe action is made light `ienouglrtdoperate in asatisfactory mannerwhen -usinglow-power ammunition, higher power cartridges will xcausethe bolt to ref ciprocate inthe receiveratjsucha highwspeedjthat, conoveritionalcartridge-feeding devices do notv'operategfast enough toplace a cartridgein feed position,u before: the

bolt, inits -returnmotiom has'mreached ,cartridge contacting,Nposition,A This, willoeithu cause Ajamming. of the bolt, or willallowthehbolt'to.,returnto breech-.closing position without picking lup .a neu/'cartridge'. Moreover, at very high bolttreturn speeds, even ifr the cartridge is placed'in feeding position priorto the return of .the bolt, the boltmay strike the cartridge with su-chjforce as lto. cause it ,to`turnblelv andrjautpinnthenbreech.

Conversely, ifthe action is madeheavy enough tov slow down the operationsuflcientlynto allow the feed meehanism--to placea ,cartridge,in` feedingupositionobeforey the returnof-thebo1t; a low-powerwcartridge uspally will not impart sufliciengenergyhto thehbolttopermit it ;toco,ektlie ringmechanism as welltasmto VeX- tract` theold shellfando to vchamber a new ,cartridge lllt has-beengenerally feltgby those, skilled in ythe nart thatqit' isf total'lyimpractical, jiff not impossible, to design a ri'e capablev of satisfactorilyr tiring, .22'caliberlong rie` cartridgeshwhichwouldlso Iiire, .22vshorts without any chang@whateverinA the lgun and without the provision, oan actuatorofvsqmepsorttowassist in actuation of the..

gunwhenfa shorbcartlidge viskfired.,a I lhave found, however;thatthsgenerahfeeling[is notjustitied and that the.

resistance orinertia Iopposing the blow-back forcesl ex ecuted-byltheselr-standardjcantridgescan be. selected so that -the `gunA willf functionnproperly when ,either a,.22v

long'rie or `shortcarutridgeis tired, This vis important in .that kit'permitsthe actuator used heretofore for this purpose-totheeliminatedand does away to. a largeY extentwith'the troublesome disadvantages of frequentcleaning'and:ilashbackffound'tim actuator-equipped rifles as` notedhereinabovet i' ltotherefore pisjaprimaA-ry obiect of 'thishinvention to pro'videa Arifle-capable of firing indiscriminately cartridges of both-high@anddowpower :without adjustment of any parts :of theriew-toufcompensate Yformvarying forces ap?, plied; to=the-boltt bythefirin`g of 'cartridges of Varying power. y

Another object'v of theI invention-is tou provide cartridgey feeding Ameanslwhiclnftis' .operable to vfeed cartridges Yof diie'rent lengthpositivelyy and `rapidly to cartridge feed-` ing position in orde'rftmpermit -faultless loading of the cartridges into the tiring chamber by the bolt whichmay travel atextremely high speeds. p

These'andv othernobjects of theinventiom as well as novel featuresand-advantages, will become further ap-f,

parent Efromthe descriptionoffone embodimentcf the inventionimitsmostvadvantageous form illustrated in the `accompanying drawings,- in which:

Fi'g.-1 yis a,:sid`eelevation, partially cut away, of the" receiverv of :'afri-eincorporating `the present invention, showing fragmentary-portions ofjthe barrel and stock, and showingthe parts of theaction assembly as they appearl when the rifleis readyfto be vtired;`

KFigi 2^-is-a;sidelevation; partially in cross-section, lshowingqthe) parts ,-of fthe actionassembly as they y appear immediately/after -the triggerr.has been Ipulled but before theibulletrhas .vleftffitscartridge :case and before the bolt'has commenced its rearward travel; y

i Fig..- 3 ris aside-elevation, partiallyy in vcross section, showinglithe-parts of ltheA action assembly as they appear when ,l the` .bolt :is im anY-intennediate ,.position during `Aits rearward*travell'`y v Fig.r 4 isaside'elevationLpartly in cross section, showing the parts of the lfaction assembly/,as theyappear when the boltfhasl-reachedjthe endjof .its rearward` travel;

Fig,l .5 'is Aa1019ttlrkvifttt 0f the elevatsaand. throat asf serrrlflyl witlra cai-tri geh ,therein in position to be` u ofmthebolt andthroat assembly t Fig. 7 is a cross sectional view of the bolt and throat assembly taken along the line 7-7 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the cartridge elevator;

Fig. 9 is a side elevational view of the receiver with the action assembly removed;

Fig. 10 is a perspective view of the bolt assembly;

Fig. 11 is a perspective view of the sear;

Fig. 12 is a plan view of the hammer and sear assembly in cocked position;

Fig. 13 is a perspective view of the exterior of the righthand throat member;

Fig. 14 is a perspective view of the interior of the lefthand throat member;

Fig. 15 is a perspective view of the disconnector;

Fig. 16 is a detail view of the hammer, Sear, and disconnector assembly;

Fig. 17 is a perspective view of the trigger-plate;

Fig. 18 is 'a cross-sectional view along the line 18-18 of Fig. 3, showing the rear face ofthe cartridge chamber, the lower portion of the receiver being broken away; and

Fig. 19 is a graphical representation showing the various forces which are required to move the bolt at slow speed.

Referring to Figs. 1 through 7, and 9, it will be observed that receiver 20 is cradled in stock 21, and barrel 22 is secured to the forward end of receiver 20 `as by screwing into socket 23. A tubular magazine 24, lying m a plane parallel to that of barrel 22, communicates with receiver 20 at a point below the barrel, and is provided with a cartridge follower 25 biased toward cartridgefeeding position by spring 26. One of the walls 27 of receiver 20 is pierced by a port 28 (see Figs. 6 and 9) through which a spent cartridge casing may be discharged, and is provided with a slot 29 extending rearwardly from port 28 to accommodate bolt handle 30 during reciprocatory movement of the bolt, as will be hereinafter descrlbed. The opposite wall 27 of receiver 20 carries ejector rail 31 (Figs. 4, 6 Iand 7) which is provided with a shoulder 32 for contacting the base of a cartridge case during rearwardvmotion of the bolt, whereby to eject it through port 28. Guide block 33, for guiding the nose of a cartridge from the cartridge feeding means hereinafter described into the chamber 34, is positioned at the top of receiver 20 adiacent to the chamber, which, as mavbe observed especially well in Fig. 4, is beveled to Afacllltate entry of a cartridge therein.

A frame (see Fig. 17), sometimes referred to in the art as a trigger-plate, indicated generally at 41, consists of a base plate 42 and upstanding side walls 43 and 43', and as shown in Figs. 1-4. is secured in place in the receiver 24) by tongue 44, fitted into groove 45. in the forward end of receiver 20, and adiacent its rear, by a machine screw 46, passing through holes in the walls 27 and 27' of recelver 20, and through holes in the walls 43 and 43 of frame 41. A trigger guard 47 is formed integrally with the base plate 42, and depends therefrom.

Trigger-plate 41 carries the operative parts of the action assembly, which include 'the cartridge-guiding assembly, an elevator, the hammer and sear assembly, and the trigger and disconnector assembly. The cartridge-guiding assembly is carried in the front portion of trigger-plate 41 adjacent the magazine 24, and comprises left and right throat members 50 and 51, respectively, which are loosely attached to the inner sides of walls 43 and 43of. frame 41 at their lower front portions as by screws 52, and are supported at the rear by pin 53 passing through openings 54 and 55 (see Figs. 13 and 14), the latter being of sufcient size to permit loose motion of the members 50 and 51 on pin 53. Throat members 50 and 51 are providedwith guide sections 56 and 57 in the shape of tube segments, the forward end of the guide sections being so placed as to receive therebetween a cartridge from magazine 24, and to guide it to the position shown in Figs. l and 6, further rearward motion of the cartridge, under the urging of cartridge follower 25, being prevented by stop lug 58, carried by left hand throat member 51. For amore de- 4 tailed description of the general arrangement of throat members similar to those illustrated herein, reference is made to the patent to Humeston 2,552,429.

Cartridge lifter 60 is pivotally carried on pin 53, and is located between throat members 50 and 51, as may be more particularly observed in Fig. 5. Lifter 60 has a forwardly extending arm 61 (Figs. l to 4, and 8), which is adapted to engage a cartridge when the latter is in the position shown in Fig. 1, and lift it to a position ready for chambering, as shown in Fig. 4. Arm 61 is provided with an arcuate cartridge guiding face 62 for guiding the base of a cartridge, such as cartridge B, as it moves toward the chamber 34 during the feeding operation hereinafter described. Lifter 60 also has a rearwardly and upwardly extending nger section or rst operating element 63, and an upwardly extending cam lobe or second operating element 64, the latter being located on the rear upper surface of arm 61, slightly forward of pin 53. A spring 65, mounted on pin 66, engages notch 67 on the lower edge of lifter 60, the notch 67 being so located that as the lifter arm is raised and lowered, it will pass the center line between pins 53 and 66, whereby the spring 65 may exert a toggle action on lifter 60 to cause it to snap quickly from one limiting position to another. Arm 61 is so shaped that when it is in down position its upper surface will be below the guide sections 56 and 57 of the lthroat members, and nger section 63 is of a size and shape such that it will lie below the top of the frame walls 43 and 43 when the lifter is in the position shown in Fig. 4, but will extend above the walls 43 and 43 at least in part, when the lifter is in the position shown in Fig. 1.

Bolt 70 is reciprocable in receiver 20, its rails 71 and 71 (Fig. 10) riding on the top of walls 43 and 43 of the frame or trigger-plate 41. A cam track 72 (Figs. 2-4) is cut into the under side of the body of bolt 70 between rails 71 and 71', and has intermediate its extent a high point which presents a forward cam face 73 adapted to engage cam lobe 64 of lifter 60 during forward motion of bolt 70, whereby to depress arm 61, and a rear cam face 74 adapted to contact nger section 63 during the rearward motion of bolt 70, in order to raise arm 61 of the lifter. The forward end of cam track l 72 presents a shoulder 75 (Fig. 10) adapted to engage the base of a cartridge, for example cartridge B, held between throat members 50 and 51 in the position shown in Fig. 4, during forward travel of the bolt, whereby to force the cartridge into chamber 34. Bolt is provided with a slot 76 on its upper surface to accommodate bolt handle 30, and it likewise carries a cartridge extractor 77 (see Figs. 1 and 10). Extractor 77 is a double pronged hook mounted in the usual manner on the right side of the bolt adjacent the ejection port in the receiver and extending forwardly of the bolt, as best shown in Fig. 10. The beveled face of cartridge chamber 34 is provided with two narrow slotsl 35 (Fig. 18) adapted to receive the prongs of extractor 77 when the bolt is completely closed.

The provision of slots 35 instead of the wide recess usually found in ritles of this type substantially reduces malfunctioning of the gun by preventing jamming of the nose of the cartridge against the extractor recess as it is being fed into chamber 34. This is particularly important in the present instance because of the diculty involved in feeding cartridges of different lengths. While long cartridges are positively guided into the chamber at all times during their travel from the magazine to the chamber, the noses of short cartridges are necessarily free, though properly directed of course, during a short distance ofL travel just before they enter the chamber. Consequently, if the nose of a cartridge should strike the 'side of the chamber adjacent the slots 35, these slots are not wide enough to interfer with the passage of the cartridge into the chamber.` It has been found, on the other hand, that the usual wide extractor recess sometimes caused the gun to jam.

Firing pin 78, rearwardly biased by spring 79, is

carriedin'bore' 80irr abolt; '10, @and iszfheld fthereinzbyfre-e taining .pin 81,.-Which contacts shoulder'SZfofwnotch 83fin1 the; headA of theftiringgpin.'r A channel 84,- on.the-left. hand side -of-thebolt570, accommodates ejector raill. A-notch 85 (see v1Tigs..1 'and-.16) visfcut in railz71 `of the. bolt fora purposeato be hereinafter described. The-bolt is normally biased .to breech closingposition byfreturn` spring 86,1 guided by return :springrod .87, one. end= of which is seated in.-the..rear vofreceiver- 20,.tl1e other end extending .into a passage. 87,. drilled longitudinally. into .the rear of the bolt (Fig..1)..

The. tiring mechanism .comprises .the hammer and sear assembly,A andv the trigger and disconnector assembly. Hammer 90,provided withfstriking face 91 and scar notch'l. 92 is pivotally ,mounted on pin 93,'whichlpasses through wall's43 and 43"`of trigger-plate 41, andis biased towardL r'ing position byspring ,94, guided byrod 95, the: latter. having a notched head portion 96 'Whichiengages .pin l97 carried by hammer' 90.(see Fig: 1).` Sear 100iscarried bypin.101,.' and `is'urged into' 'engagement with sear notch 92"'by spring 102](Fi'g. 12). The sear 100 .is Valso pro# vided with sear armt103,"which extends forwardly and outwardly from the upper'portionthereof as bestseenin" Fig-'511, arm 103 lbein'gi'arranged forengagement bya disconnector when the-trigger is` pulled as will be morey fully described hereinafter.`

Trigger 105v passes upwardly through'anfopening 106- in-'base plate 42 atV the `top 'of the finger access formed. by trigger guard 47,' and is'pivotally mounted on pin '107'A in trigger-plate 41. The' trigger-isi provided with a for- Wardly extending trigger" extension '108,'Vv which?y is biased upwardly by trigger'spring 109,?compressedbtween'trigger'extension '108 TYand 'base plate 42f(see'Fig".1)..' Dis-f connector; 110fis `pivotallymounted.oniftrigger arm'lll; by pin :112, passing .througha hole in fthe varntrlll and,-.as= may be seen in Fig. 15, comprises body section 113, an up-l turned finger portion: 114,-y having aaforward vbevel-1115` atfits -upper end,a.nd anupwardlyandinwardly extend-f ing scar contacting portion 116: Aspring=117,- carried". on? pin 118,-A biases Athewclisconnector l110 toiupward posi-f: tion, f so. :that when tthe parts-of vthe-.firearm are-in thef position shown iin Fig. 1,'th'e .upper 'end of lingen-portion. 114-.is received within notchv 85 in the :bolt .70,l andsean. contacting portion A116 makes contact-withtherean side: of,.sear.arm .103. It should be *notedherethat-unless the bolt. is .inbreech closing position, notch 85 will` not be lined1up.withiingerportion 114 ofthe-.disconnecton' andthe latter will beheld down by the :bolt at all timesl except when the .bolt is completely closed... This` renders. the ring mechanismf. inoperative except f in .the :batteryV position of -the bolt and `also.prevents vtullfautomatic-v tiring of vthe gunr by preventing. the seararm- 103 from. making engagement with sear notch 92 inhammer 90 .ifl the trigger is yheld by the shooter.

Referring to Fig.Y 1, the rifle is shown loaded Witha cartridge A, and in cocked.condition,ready .for l'ring,V withthe lifter arm 61 'in.down position, and 'with a cartridge B held between the guide sections .56 and Q57 of throat members 50 and 51.* Now when the trigger 105 1s pulled rearwardly, disconnector 110r is. forced forf wardly, and sear contact 116,.acting against sear arm 103,; will force sear4 100 out .of engagement .with sear vnotch 92 allowing the` hammer 90.' to fall .forwardly-'to the position illustrated in Fig'. 2, its striking face 91 'contact-1 ing the rear end of firing pin 78 tocause cartridgeA to lire. Pressures developed inbarrel 22 bythe explosion of the cartridge will forcethe cartridge vand hence'the bolt 70' backward, and the camming force exerted against linger 114 of disconnector 110by the'forward edge; ofl notch 85 will force the disconnector 110 downward, moving sear contact 116 'below and out Aof engagement with seararm 103'to.a1low.sear100 to bear againstrth'e` body. of hammer 90.unde`r the.. urgingf-ofrsear. .spring 102.',-

As the bolt..70-movesbackwardiLwll reach .the posi?. tion illustrated in 1`-i'g..3.-A Here-.it will rbc-observed that shooterreleasesftrigger 105. It will also .be observed that the rearcam face 74 of cam track .72 has contacted linger.. portion-63 voflifter, 60,l rotating :the latter to `a lpositionr such that' notch 67 is `on'the-center line of pins 53 and:

66, and that` arm61 has-made contactwith the :next car.-

tinal feeding. position; As the ybolt7l) continues its rear,-

ward journey, tingerfiportion 63 will be further .depressed;;f pushing notch 67 past the center line of pins 53 and 66,.;

at which timespring :65iwill force arm 61 withthe '.car-

inwardly fromthefupper rear portion of'throat members 50 .and 51-,=as.illustrated in Figs.. 4 and 5. In this posi-.` tion the lower. part of finger 63 will abut pin 118, which actsas. a stop;

Since,-as has been'mentioned before, throat membersl 50 and 51 are loosely mounted in the trigger-plate, theyf willfmove apart to ofler'little frictional resistance to thel upward .movementof cartridge B, which, inthe position shown in Figs. 4 and 7,' will be supported by lifter .arm- 61,;againstinturned flanges 120 and 121 at the upper edge. of the .throat members;v In this position of lifter 60,` the` top of itscam 'lobe 64will be in a planeabove the lower.- most tip` of bolt camtrack 72 and the forward edge of the. arm 61 will be :in .a position-'to block the rearward passage. of a following cartridge C into engagement withstop.

lug 58.

From its fullyretracted position shown in Fig. 4, bolt 70, under ktheinlluence of return spring 86, will travel forward until the face of cam track 72 contacts the upper edge. ofthe rim of cartridge B, forcing it forward and disengaging the base of the cartridge from its contact with inturned flanges and 121. little eiort on the part of the bolt whichis being driven by thereturn springv 86. anges, the inner faces of bolt rails '71, 71 will Contact the cams 122 and 123 'located on the outer sides of throat. members 50 and 51, as may be seen in Figs. 5 through 7,` and 13," forcing the throat members together to a position.

such that the base of the cartridge will contact the upwardlyslopingguidetrails 124-andr125 (Figs. 13 and 14,)

whereby to `preventt-rom dropping downbetween the.4

throatmembersSGrand 51. The cartridge is also guided inzits'motion-fr'om this -point by cartridge guiding face62. of lifter arm 61. Uponl further'forward movement of the bolt 70; cartridgeBwill be .pushedfto a position where its nosetcontacts guide block33; and thence into .the chambenr34of-1barrelf 22," guiding of the .cartridge into .placca being further:facilitated bythebeveled edge ofthe cham-- ber 3.4.: Bolt :70;ir will be observed, is cutaway 21.126 to.

accommodatesguide'block33,whenthe bolt is in breechclosing position.

In'the-meantime, ata-point about three-quarters of thefway fromf-the'fullyretracted positionof the bolt shown in Fig. 4 to its chamber closing position as seen in` Fig. 1,r the forwardqcamface i73-'oftboltcam track-72 lwill contact 'cam lobe-640i lifter l610,1 rotating the latter to a position-.inwhich the notch67 haspassed the center, lineof-7 pins-53 -and:66, iat-which. timethe toggle actioni of springi- 65 willtake .over to snapl theelevator to the position illus- This requires very` As the cartridge clears the.

adelantar?"y 7 trated in Fig. 6'will,'of course, hold throat members 50 and 51 together, so that the next cartridge cannot rise up between the throat members 50 and 51 and will be firmly held in position to be lifted by lifter arm 61 during the next ensuing rearward movement of the bolt 70.

Now, if pressure on trigger 105 be released, the pressure of spring 109 against trigger extension 108 will make the trigger rotate in a counterclockwise direction, causing trigger arm 111 to pull disconnector 110 backward to a position in which the forward edge of scar contact 116 is behind sear arm 103, allowing the disconnector 110 to rise upwardly under the pressure of spring 117 to place scar contact 116 in position to engage Sear arm 103, since the notch 8S in the bolt is in position to receive the end of the disconnector finger 114.

As may be seen from the foregoing description, the rifle comprising this invention is simple and sturdy in construction, and, due to its positive cartridge lifting and feeding mechanism, it is able to operate over a relatively wide range of bolt speeds, both in a rearward and forward direction. This enables the rifie to fire cartridges of varying powers, provided that the weight of the movable parts and the strength of the various springs are balanced with the available blow-back energy, so that the action is light enough to enable the rifle to operate with low power ammunition, while still heavy enough to prevent excessive bolt speeds, leading to excessive shock and possible part breakage, when operating with ammunition of higher power. For example, a .22 caliber rifle embodying the invention has displayed quite satisfactory performance when operating with ammunition varying from ,22 short to .22 long rifle cartridges, and developing from 17,000 p. s. i. to 24,000 p. s. i. chamber pressures, with the following part weights and spring pressures:

Weight of bolt assembly -ounces 3.95

Installed load of bolt return spring pounds 2.5

Increase in load per inch of bolt return spring pounds 3.125

The figures given here relative to the forces necessary to move the bolt under different conditions are based on static measurements, in which the friction factor is difiicult to evaluate, and for that reason should be considered only as reasonably close approximations.

The foregoing data is graphically illustrated in Fig. 19 of the drawings which is a plot of bolt movement in inches against pounds of force. In the diagram, the portion of the solid line curve from E to I is a plot of the forces resisting rearward travel of the bolt during the power stroke. It is these forces which must be balanced with the available blow-back energy to permit the bolt to be retired to its full open position, while at the same time avoiding excessive bolt speed. The lower portion of the solid line curve between points K and S is a plot of the mechanical forces acting on the bolt causing it to be moved from its retired position to its fully forward or closed position. The solid line curve is a composite of the several force curves representing the significant forces exerted by the hammer spring, the action or recoil spring, the cartridge lifter spring both on retraction and again on forward movement of the bolt, and a relatively small amount of resistance offered by a cartridge being fed into the chamber by the bolt. Starting at point E, which corresponds to the condition of the gun shown in Fig. 1, the initial resistance to retraction of the bolt is the sum of the loads of the action spring and the hammer.` The total mechanical resistance increases rapidly with bolt` movement to a maximum at F in accordance with the increase in the hammer load, the action spring load being substantially a straight line function through its operating range. The resistance then decreases slightly after point F with decrease in hammer load to point G, at which time the bolt engages the finger 63 of the cartridge lifter. The decrease in hammer load from point G to point H more than compensates for the increase in the cartridge lifter load between those points, so that there is an overall net decrease in the resistive force during this interval of the cycle. At point H, the hammer has been fully retired by the bolt to the position shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings and thereafter the hammer exerts merely a constant friction drag on the underside of the bolt. This is shown in the hammer curve by the straight line portion at the lower right end of the curve. From point H to point I on the graph, the total mechanical force resisting rearward movement of the bolt first increases with the increase in resistance offered by the cartridge lifter as it is rotated by the bolt until the lifter reaches a position where the aforesaid toggle action occurs, at which point it snaps quickly into its other limiting position. This is represented on the curve by the sudden decrease to point I in the latter half of this portion of the curve. From point I to point I the only forces resisting movement of the bolt are those of the action spring and the constant resistive drag offered by the hammer.

In the lower half of the curve, i. e. between points K and S, there is plotted the mechanical forces acting upon the bolt to cause it to be advanced to breech closing position. At point K such force is equal to the force exerted by the action spring, less the friction drag offered by the hammer. This remains constant to point L, at which time the bolt face engages the next cartridge to be chambered and the feeding of this cartridge into the chamber offers a small resistance varying from about 1.5 to 1.75 pounds as shown on the graph. At point M, the bolt has passed over the hammer and the latter then exerts a component of force axially of the bolt helping to push it forward, this being represented by that portion of the curve included between points M and N. At point N, the cartridge has cleared the throat assembly, eliminating this drag, and the net force then acting to close the bolt increases, being equal to the sum of the force imposed by the action spring and the hammer. This continues to point O at which point the bolt escapes the hammer, the latter being held in fully cocked position, so that the only force then acting to close the bolt is that of the action spring. At point P, the cam track 72 of the bolt engages the cam lobe 64 of the cartridge lifter. At the start of such engagement, the action spring has slightly more force than the resistance offered by the cartridge lifter, but this rapidly changes with further movement of the bolt so that at point O the two become equal and thereafter the resistance offered by the cartridge lifter is in excess of the force exerted by the action spring to close the bolt. Between points Q and R on the curve, there fore, there is insufficient static force acting upon the bolt to complete its closing cycle, and reliance is placed upon the kinetic energy developed by the bolt during the preceding return movement to carry it through to its fully closed position. The shaded area between points Q and R on the graph, therefore, represents the energy supplied by the momentum of the bolt during its forward travel. At point R, the cartridge lifter snaps to its full downward position by the previously described toggle action, and the lifter thereafter offers no resistance so that the final increment of movement of the bolt may be accomplished by the action of the return spring alone. However, the kinetic energy at this point may be and in many instances vis still sutlicient to carry the bolt closed even without the aid of the return spring.

garage-tva Goodd'esul-ts ihaveebeen"obtainedrilpracticalff'testshin gunsinfwhiclrithefstrengthfothef bltreturn 'orractio'n spring isy such as -togive an overall'in'aximum static: -fo`rce atpointF on the-graphof from-101012" "poundsfr How`- ever, the most satisfactory performance has been obtained when this figure for the example given is about 1l pounds. It will also be seen from the graph that for this gun, the bolt travel from fully closed position, as shown in Fig. 1, to fully retracted position, as shown in Fig. 4, is about 1.44 inches.

An important feature of the present invention is the provision of a relatively large amount of space for substantially free travel of the bolt `during its movement toward breech closing position from its rearmost position, before contacting the cartridge or cam lobe 64. This allows the bolt to pick up sufficient momentum to cam the lifter down in front and to drive the cartridge home into the chamber, without the necessity of providing a return spring heavy enough to operate the lifter by static force alone. If a spring of a strength sufficient to overcome these forces by its own power alone were used, the rie would not operate with low-power ammunition. Thus, in the example given above, as bolt cam 72 contacts cam portion 64, the bolt is about 3%; of the way closed, so that the static force exerted by the return spring is at best only slightly more than the initial resistance offered by the lifter, and very soon becomes far less than the maximum resistance offered by the latter, so that the return spring alone is unable to fully close the bolt. However, by providing the aforesaid substantial pre-travel of the bolt free of practically all resistance, the bolt picks up enough momentum to chamber the cartridge, and also to overcome the resistance force exerted by the lifter spring, to cam the lifter to down position. As mentioned above, the foregoing is shown graphically in Fig. 19 by the shaded area below the base line defined by the return curve. This free movement of the bolt in the present embodiment of the invention is made possible by the provision of the toggle action of the cartridge lifter 60.

Further reduction in the strength of the return spring is also made possible `by the toggle action of the lifter, which substantially reduces the total work required to move the lifter down during the return stroke of the bolt. This is because the bolt only has to move the lifter a short distance before the toggle spring takes over and snaps the forward end of the lifter down to its lower limit.

Firing tests conducted with a standard commercial rifle equipped with an actuator and with a rie manufactured according to the present invention have demonstrated clearly the superiority of the present rille over that of the prior art. For example, in endurance tests using mixed .22 short, .22 long, and .22 long rifle cartridges of various makes, it is found that an actuator equipped riile failed to function after only 750 rounds of tiring without cleaning, whereas the rifle of the present invention, tired under the same conditions, functioned effectively for 4,750 rounds without cleaning. Furthermore, when using .22 short cartridges, the actuator-equipped rie gavey excessive gas flash-back out of the ejection port, while the present rie was satisfactory in these respects. The reason for this, as demonstrated by the results of the tests set forth in the following table of data computed from micro-ash photographs taken during actual firing is that the actuator imparts such a high speed to the bolt, when using .22 shorts, that the spent case is extracted from the chamber prematurely, and a considerable part of the hot gases in the barrel escapes through the breech. In the present rie, however, the slower bolt speed imparted by a .22 short cartridge allows the case to remain within the chamber until the bullet is well clear of the barrel, thus minimizing flash and gas blowback.

In the table below rie A is a riiie according to the present invention in which the bolt return spring is of a strength such that the maximum force required to open k1() th.r blt-'fullywasilZfpoundstandi-t"flBYs afrillel accord-' ing fto" :the 'present 'inventionfin lwhich 10 pounds was ree quired to open the bolt THe-weights" of the -bolt"assem'4 bly and hammer, dimnesions thereofjas--wellas'theforce's required to actuate the liften, are the same in rifles A and B as in the vspecific:l example `given-above` This table shows the distanceof'rearward rtravelfof l'the bolt at the instant that the bullet leaves the muzzleof the -gunr` Since the length of a long rifle case is approximately 1%2 and that of a short is about 12/32, -it may be seen from the foregoing that in rifles embodying the present invention the bullet is well clear of the muzzle before the spent casing is fully extracted from the chamber, Whereas in the actuator-equipped rilie, when ring .22 shorts, the spent casing is fully extracted from the chamber before the bullet has cleared the muzzle, wi-th consequent production of objectionable hot gas ash-back.

What is claimed is:

A semi-automatic firearm for indiscriminately tiring high-power and low-power cartridges of the same caliber which includes in combination a barrel having a cartridge chamber; a receiver secured to said barrel; a bolt reciprocably movable in said receiver to and from lchamber closing position; a return spring acting between said receiver and said bolt; said bolt being powered during its opening travel away from chamber closing position by gas pressure in the chamber on iiring of a cartridge whereby it deflects said return spring, and being powered during its closing travel towards chamber closing position by said deected return spring; firing means including a hammer and hammer spring cocked by said bolt during its opening travel and loading said bolt most heavily during the early portion of its opening travel; a cartridge magazine for feeding cartridges into said receiver; a cartridge lifter pivoted within said receiver between a cartridge receiving position and a cartridge feeding position for transferring cartridges from said magazine to a position where they are fed into said chamber by said bolt during the closing stroke thereof, means for limiting the pivotal movement of said lifter; and a lifter spring having a bearing point on said receiver and engaging said cartridge ltifter so as to exert a force thereon which is directed to one side of a line between the pivot point of said lifter and the bearing point of said lifter spring when said lifter is pivoted to one of its limits of movement and to the other side of said line when the lifter is pivoted to its other limit of movement whereby the lifter is biased by said lifter spring to each of its limits of movement; said lifter including a first operating element engageable by a rear cam surface -on the bolt during its opening stroke to pivot it toward its cartridge feeding position, and also including a second operating ele-ment engageable by a forward cam surface on the bolt during its closing stroke for positively pivoting said lifter to a position where said lifter spring urges it to its cartridge receiving position, the force of the deflected return spring on the bolt when said forward cam surface engages said second operating element being insufficient by itself to overcome the urge of said lifter spring, said'forward cam surface on the bolt when the latter is fully retracted being spaced from said second operating element on the lifter a distance equal to a major portion of the stroke of the Ibolt whereby said bolt is permitted substantially free travel over a large 11 portion of its return stroke so that the momentum of said bolt under the urge of said return spring is sucient to overcome the lifter spring and to move said bolt to chamber closing position.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNTTED STATES PATENTS 1,322,053 Raising Nov. 18, 1919 l2 Brewcr Sept. 22, 1942 Barnes Aug. 12, 1947 Humeston May 8, 1951 Horan Aug. 28, 1951 

